Chanda kochhar india
Chanda kochhar india. The central probe agency said the amount was transferred through a complex Dec 26, 2022 · The arrest of former ICICI Bank MD & CEO Chanda Kochhar and her husband, Deepak, by the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) on Friday has brought the focus back on the cash-for-loan fraud that May 14, 2019 · The ED has registered a criminal case under the PMLA early this year against Chanda Kochhar, Deepak Kochhar, Dhoot and others to probe alleged irregularities and corrupt practices in sanctioning Rs 1,875-crore loans by ICICI Bank to the corporate group. From her rapid rise to the top of ICICI Bank to her abrupt fall from grace amid allegations of corruption and irregularities, Kochhar’s story serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of greed in the corporate world. 24, 2022: CBI gets three-day custody of former ICICI bank CEO Chanda Kochhar, husband Deepak Kochhar in loan fraud case in Mumbai, India, on Saturday, December 24, 2022. Jan 24, 2019 · Chanda Kochhar has been booked by CBI in the Videocon loan case. Chanda Kochhar, her husband sent to CBI custody by Mumbai special court. ICICI Bank further said that it would treat Kochhar's resignation as 'Termination for Cause' and would stop payment of unpaid Jun 27, 2023 · Chanda Kochhar was MD and CEO of ICICI Bank between May 2009 and January 2019, in which capacity she was entrusted with the bank’s funds, the CBI told the court. Dec 27, 2022 · Chanda Kochhar Case: Kochhar, 59, quit the position of CEO and MD of ICICI Bank in October 2018 after the allegations. Like all disgraced stars of Mumbai’s money market, Chanda Kochhar, the former CEO of ICICI Bank, and her husband Deepak, a Dec 24, 2022 · Chanda Kochhar and her husband Deepak Kochhar were produced before the Mumbai special court by the CBI on December 24 in a case related to loan provided to Videocon Group. She played a crucial role in establishing ICICI Bank during the 1990s. According to the CBI, after Chanda Kochhar took over as MD and CEO the bank sanctioned rupee term loans (RTL) worth ₹ 1,875 crore to six companies of the Videocon Group between June 2009 and Jul 16, 2023 · Vidya. Dec 26, 2022 · In an alleged quid pro quo deal, the CBI claimed that after the Videocon Group got the loan of Rs 3,250 crore from ICICI Bank in 2012, Dhoot reportedly diverted a Rs 64 crore to NuPower Renewables where Deepak Kochhar had a 50 per cent stake, raising eyebrows and questions on ethics, as Chanda had set the credit limits for the Videocon Group According to the CBI, after Chanda Kochhar took over as MD and CEO the bank sanctioned rupee term loans (RTL) worth ₹ 1,875 crore to six companies of the Videocon Group between June 2009 and Jan 25, 2019 · Chanda Kochhar's role in shaping the country's retail banking system has been widely acknowledged. He has been a Director of NuPower Renewables Pvt Ltd since December 24, 2008. The HC ordered their release on a cash bail of Rs 1 lakh each. The Dec 24, 2022 · Former ICICI Bank CEO Chanda Kochhar and her husband Deepak Kochhar were arrested by the CBI on Friday in a case linked to alleged irregularities in an over ₹ 3,000-crore loan provided to the Chanda Kochhar walked out of the Byculla women's prison in Mumbai, while her husband was released from the Arthur Road jail, the official said. He studied Masters in Finance from the Jamnalal Jan 31, 2019 · Kochhar went on leave on June 18, 2018 and resigned on October 4. IANS. The court dismissed her plea seeking retirement benefits and entitlements like Employee Stock Options (ESOPs), which were allegedly revoked by the bank after her "illegal termination. A new case has been filed against her in the national capital, alleging Kochhar and ten others of orchestrating a scam that resulted in a substantial loss of Rs 27 crores for a tomato paste company. Apr 16, 2015 · Chanda Kochhar. She had denied all charges against her and Mr Kochhar. 75 0. Joining the ICICI bank as a management trainee, she was instrumental in Feb 6, 2024 · The Bombay High Court on Tuesday termed the arrests of ex-ICICI Bank CEO and MD Chanda Kochhar and her businessman husband Deepak Kochhar as "illegal" and confirmed the 2023 interim bail order. Legacy Chanda Kochhar is one amongst the two women who is the head of an Indian domestic bank. The multi Dec 24, 2022 · Kochhar case came to life after Dhoot quizzing. Dec 24, 2022 · India Business News: MUMBAI: A Mumbai court on Saturday remanded former MD-CEO of ICICI Bank, Chanda Kochhar, and her husband Deepak to the custody of Central Bureau of In. A special CBI court in Mumbai said that there is sufficient material collected during investigation to substantiate the allegations against former ICICI Bank Managing Director Chanda Kochhar, her husband Deepak Kochhar, and Videocon Chief Venugopal Dhoot. The bank said that the development surfaced following an independent enquiry. In 2015-16, she worked as the President of the International Monetary Conference, an organization that annually brings together the chief executives of approximately 70 of the world’s Jan 10, 2022 · Chanda Kochhar had to step down as the ICICI CEO in 2018 because of the investigation. 80%; Chanda Kochhar had to step down as the ICICI CEO in 2018 because of the investigation. A division bench of Justices KR Shriram and Rajesh Patil has upheld the November 2022 verdict of a single bench of Justice RI Chagla, stating the relief would "cause irreparable injury and prejudice to" ICICI Bank. New Delhi: A day after the Bombay High Court termed her arrest illegal and ordered that she and her husband be freed, former ICICI Apr 14, 2016 · Chanda Kochhar’s letter to her daughter is a must-read for women everywhere. Dec 12, 2023 · The CBI had named Chanda Kochhar, Deepak Kochhar and Dhoot along with Nupower Renewables (NRL) managed by Deepak Kochhar, Supreme Energy, Videocon International Electronics Ltd and Videocon Industries Ltd as accused in the FIR registered in 2019 under IPC sections related to criminal conspiracy and provisions of the Prevention of Corruption Act. Dec 25, 2022 · Banks became more careful, but also maybe excessively risk-averse. Feb 1, 2019 · 1 February 2019. Kochhar's post-retirement benefits would be subject to inquiry outcome. The court made the observation in its order confirming the interim bail granted to the couple. India News Reported by A Oct 17, 2023 · Chanda Kochhar and her husband were arrested by the CBI in December last year in a case linked to alleged irregularities in grant of loans worth Rs 3,250 crore by the ICICI Bank to Videocon Group in 2012 when she headed the bank. Kochhar, was finally arrested along with her husband Deepak Kochhar. Almost a decade after her ascension to the top, she has tumbled down under the weight of serious allegations of misconduct and corruption and a CBI inquiry that followed. Chanda and Deepak Kochhar were arrested on Nov 17, 2023 · In addition to the ICICI group, Chanda Kochhar has been a member of the US-India CEO Forum, the India-Japan Business Leaders Forum and the Board of trade. The enquiry running against her will remain unaffected. | Latest News India Oct 5, 2018 · Chanda Kochhar, the beleaguered CEO of ICICI Bank, quit the organisation on Thursday after several months of being under a cloud over a conflict-of-interest controversy. It entails a Rs 3,250 crore loan. The CBI named Chanda Kochhar, Deepak Kochhar, and Dhoot among others in the alleged irregularities in the loan case. Apr 8, 2023 · In May of that year, Chanda Kochhar was appointed as the MD & CEO of ICICI Bank. Kochhar embarked on her career with ICICI Limited in 1984 and rose to become a member of ICICI Bank's Board of Directors in 2001. 65 1. This action of the agency was based on an FIR registered by the CBI. Oct 4, 2018 · In 1984, Chanda Kochhar joined ICICI as a management trainee and 25 years later became the MD & CEO. Dear Aarti, It makes me feel so proud today to see you standing in front of me as a confident young woman right on the threshold of an exciting journey through life. During her retirement, Kochhar had 6,90,000 shares of the bank through ESOPs. According to the probe agency, Kochhar and the accused "engineered a plan and design in December 2008" after the announcement of her appointment as the MD & CEO of ICICI Bank to sanction loans to financially beleaguered Videocon Group. Her leadership extended to heading the infrastructure finance and corporate banking divisions. Dec 30, 2023 · Chanda Kochhar, 10 others booked for ‘cheating’. In August, the flat was transferred to Quality Appliance Pvt Ltd, a Videocon-nominated company, by Credential Finance. When the company was established, Chanda Kochhar was the CFO and Joint MD at ICICI Bank. one of India’s Oct 4, 2018 · Chanda Kochhar quits as CEO of ICICI Bank. Feb 12, 2024 · The Supreme Court on Monday disposed of the special leave petition filed by the CBI against the January 2023 decision of the Bombay High Court granting interim bail to former ICICI Bank chief Chanda Kochhar in the alleged Videocon loan fraud case. " The court stated that there was no case for interference. Chanda Kochhar is a very well-known entrepreneur from India, who currently holds the position of the managing director (MD) and chief executive officer (CEO) of ICICI Bank. The fall of Chanda Kochhar, the iconic banking CEO and a poster woman for Indian industry, holds a cautionary tale for the entire business community, writes the BBC Feb 6, 2008 · Kochhar:As I said earlier, the retail industry itself was very, very small in India at that time. The Kochhars were arrested by the probe agency on Friday night after a brief questioning session. The other accused in the case include Chanda Kochhar's husband Deepak Kochhar and Videocon Group promoter Venugopal Dhoot. Joining the ICICI as a management trainee in 1984, Chanda Kochhar rose on to become the CEO and the MD of Dec 2, 2020 · Chanda Kochhar, who faces charges for alleged money laundering, had approached the top court after the Bombay High Court dismissed her petition against her sacking. Dhoot too has denied all allegations. Mumbai, Dec 26 (IANS) The high-profile, much-talented, discussed, rewarded, awarded and decorated woman banker with a ‘Midas touch’, the former Managing Director and Chief Executive Officer of the private ICICI Bank, Chanda D. The court confirmed their bail and criticized Mar 25, 2021 · Deepak Kochhar, the husband of former ICICI Bank CEO Chanda Kochhar, has been granted bail by the Bombay High Court on Thursday in the alleged ICICI Bank-Videocon money laundering case. She had denied all Jan 10, 2023 · Mumbai: Former ICICI Bank CEO and MD Chanda Kochhar and her husband Deepak Kochhar were released from jail on Tuesday morning, a day after the Bombay High Court granted them interim bail in a loan fraud case, a police official said. She made a request for early retirement which ICICI accepted. The banker has spoken at various platforms about the immense growth potential that the country has. Mumbai: The whistleblower who called out former ICICI Bank chief Chanda Kochhar and two others in Former ICICI Bank CEO Chanda Kochar and her husband Deepak were arrested by the CBI on Friday in the ICICI-Videocon loan fraud case. 26 lakh crore) balance sheet size ICICI Bank, India’s largest private sector lender . After careful examination of the evidence Chanda Kochhar, the beleaguered former chief executive officer of ICICI Bank and her husband Deepak, have been granted bail by the Bombay high court in the mulit-crore bank loan fraud case. Jan 30, 2019 · New Delhi: Chanda Kochhar, former CEO of ICICI Bank, had violated the bank's Code of Conduct, the private sector lender said on Wednesday. It's no easy feat juggling the roles of a parent and professional. Before the setting up of NuPower, Deepak was a financial services entrepreneur. I am looking forward to seeing you grow and flourish in the years ahead. Dec 1, 2020 · The CBI booked Chanda Kochhar, her husband Deepak and Dhoot in connection with alleged cheating and irregularities in loans sanctioned by the bank to the group in 2012. Sep 7, 2020 · The couple has been questioned by the central probe agency in a case of alleged irregularities and money laundering in giving bank loans to the Videocon group. The investigation Chanda Kochhar, once a pioneer in the retail banking industry and a celebrated CEO, is a prime example of this. Reserve Bank of India’s guidelines, and credit Mar 21, 2018 · Kochhar has emerged as an inspiration for millions of women, and is an avid advocate of women in the workspace. The Income Tax Department is conducting a parallel investigation in the case. New Delhi: The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) on Friday arrested former ICICI bank CEO Chanda Kochhar and her husband Deepak Kochhar in their alleged involvement in a fraud case pertaining Feb 6, 2024 · India Business News: The Bombay High Court has declared the arrest of Chanda Kochhar and her husband in the ICICI Bank-Videocon loan case as illegal. वीडियोकॉन ग्रुप ने इस लोन में से 86 फीसदी (करीब 2810 करोड़ रुपये) नहीं Under Kochhar's leadership, ICICI was awarded the 'Best Retail Bank in India' in 2001, 2003, 2004 and 2005. Kochhar, who joined ICICI Bank in 1984, was named its Nov 10, 2017 · Synopsis. Chanda Kochhar walked out of the Byculla women's prison in Mumbai, while her husband was released from the Arthur Investigation against Chanda Kochhar dates back to December 8, 2017, when the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) first registered a preliminary enquiry against her to investigate the Apr 12, 2022 · The Bombay High Court on Tuesday allowed an application filed by private lender ICICI Bank and directed its former chief executive Chanda Kochhar to approach a proper judicial forum to try the case. (ANI) Explore India's rich political history with the Archives section on our exclusive Elections Product. Jul 12, 2023 · The court has summoned the accused persons on August 2. Jan 9, 2023 · That its order of January 09, 2023 directing the release of Deepak Kochhar and Chanda Kochhar by granting them interim bail on this very premise has generated such a buzz is not indicative of any Feb 6, 2024 · Chanda and Deepak Kochhar were arrested by CBI on December 24, 2023 on allegations of cheating and irregularities in loan of Rs 3,250 crore granted in 2012 to the Videocon Group. She was sacked in 2019 as the bank's chief executive Mumbai, India - Dec. Updated On Feb 12, 2024 at 05:14 PM IST. And ICICI Bank's CEO Chanda Kochhar is the perfect example of a woman who does both facets of her life justice. May 3, 2023 · The Bombay High Court has denied a grant of any interim relief to the former Managing Director and Chief Executive Officer of ICICI Bank, Chanda Kochhar. Chanda Kochhar was accused of misusing her position in the Mar 1, 2019 · Mumbai: The Enforcement Directorate is conducting searches under Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 (PMLA) at the premises of former Chairman ICICI Bank Chanda Kochhar, her husband Deepak Dec 28, 2023 · New Delhi: Chanda Kochhar, the former Managing Director and CEO of ICICI Bank, finds herself under the spotlight due to a fresh legal controversy. Here’s what she wrote: Dear Aarti, It makes me feel so proud today to see you standing in front of me as a confident young woman right on the threshold of an exciting journey through life. A case has been registered against former ICICI Bank MD and CEO Chanda Kochhar in the national capital, accusing Jan 9, 2023 · New Delhi: Chanda Kochhar, former ICICI bank CEO, and her husband Deepak Kochhar will be freed after a court today said their arrests last month were illegal. New Delhi, Dec 24 (PTI) Chanda Kochhar, who was arrested for a cash-for-loan scam on Friday, was once a powerful banker and instrumental in making Jun 27, 2023 · The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) asked the Bombay High Court to take cognisance of its charge sheet, claiming that former ICICI Bank CEO and MD Chanda Kochhar "misappropriated the bank's funds for her own use" and got Rs 64 crore as "illegal gratification". Mumbai, UPDATED: Jul 16, 2023 16:58 IST. 14%; Infosys share price; 1,438. Anshu Jain; April 16, 2015. Dec 23, 2022 · ICICI Bank and Chanda Kochhar have been under regulatory scrutiny after The Indian Express first reported on March 29, 2018 that Venugopal Dhoot-promoted Videocon Group provided crores of rupees to a firm he had set up with Deepak Kochhar and two relatives six months after the Videocon Group got Rs 3,250 crore as loan from ICICI Bank in 2012. Being on the top position in the corporate Both Chanda and Deepak Kochhar are being investigated by the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) and Enforcement Directorate (ED) for alleged corruption and money laundering. The CBI arrested Kochhars on December 23, 2022 in connection with the Videocon-ICICI Bank loan case. In 2002, the bank was given the 'Excellence in Retail Banking Award'. (India CSR) Sep 8, 2020 · Mahesh Advani is the brother of Chanda Kochhar. ICICI Bank MD Chanda Kochhar is a firm believer in the India story. She allegedly approved the loan in exchange for investments in her husband's company, Nupower Renewables Pvt Ltd, by चंदा कोचर. Jan 10, 2023 · Chanda Kochhar has rejected all corruption charges in the case. Jan 10, 2023 · Mumbai/Delhi: ICICI Chief Executive Officer (CEO) Chanda Kochhar and her husband Deepak Kochhar, who were arrested in connection with an alleged multi-crore money laundering scam, were released from jail on Tuesday. ICICI Bank has defended Chanda Kochhar, denying allegations of favouritism, nepotism and quid pro quo in loans given to the Videocon group. Chanda Kochhar was released from Byculla Prison while her husband was released from Arthur Road prison. Sandeep Bakhshi has replaced her as MD and CEO. Feb 19, 2024 · The arrest of ICICI Bank's former Managing Director and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) Chanda Kochhar and her husband Deepak Kochhar by the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) in a loan fraud case was "without application of mind and due regard to the law", amounting to an "abuse of power", the Bombay High Court has said. NEW DELHI: The CBI on Thursday booked former ICICI Bank head Dec 23, 2022 · According to reports, the irregularities in the loans given to Videocon Group took place when Chanda Kochhar was the CEO of the private sector bank. Dec 24, 2022 · Chanda Kochhar: Fall of the banking sector titan. The case is based on allegations of quid pro quo involving the Kochhars and Dhoot. Special court in Mumbai on Saturday remanded ICICI Bank's former CEO and MD Chanda Kochhar and her husband Deepak Kochhar. Jun 8, 2023 · India News: MUMBAI: Two months after the CBI submitted a chargesheet against Chanda Kochhar, former CEO of ICICI Bank, in a Rs 3,250-crore loan fraud case, the pr. Feb 19, 2024 · India News: The Bombay High Court ruled that the arrest of ICICI Bank's former MD and CEO Chanda Kochhar and her husband in a loan fraud case was an "abuse of pow Dec 23, 2022 · Later, Chanda Kochhar was accused of criminal conspiracy and cheating by the CBI for alleged irregularities in a loan of Rs 3,250 crore in 2012 to the Videocon Group. The court held that a suit filed by Kochhar in connection with her entitlements and benefits is not a commercial suit and, hence, she needs to file Jan 9, 2023 · She was also awarded India’s third highest civilian award—the Padma Bhushan—in 2011. The first strategic question was whether to plan for a big-scale business or a small-scale one; we Ms. Jan 14, 2023 · Chanda Kocchar, her husband Deepak Kochhar and former Videocon chairperson V N Dhoot are accused in a cheating and corruption case. I have been tracking the developments related to her and the ‘high value’ loans she Chanda Kochhar and Deepak Kochhar are facing CBI probe in the ICICI Bank loan fraud case. NEW DELHI: The arrests of Chanda and Deepak Kochhar by CBI came as a surprise as the case seemed to have gone cold of late. Kochhar has now sought an early retirement and the bank has accepted her resignation. Get more India News and Business News on Zee Business. Apr 3, 2018 · The said amount was part of a loan of Rs 40,000 crores which Videocon received from a consortium of 20 banks led by the State Bank of India. Apr 4, 2018 · ICICI Bank’s managing director and CEO, Chanda Kochhar has been accused of being complicit in a quid pro quo arrangement that ensured investment in her husband’s firm in lieu of bank loans to the Videocon group, while the Reserve Bank of India has raised questions over Axis Bank’s chief executive Shikha Sharma’s performance, putting her Feb 20, 2024 · Bombay High Court has called the arrest of Chanda Kochhar and her husband Deepak Kochhar by CBI as an 'abuse of power' by the probe agency. Kochhar is renowned for Dec 8, 2023 · The Supreme Court upheld a Bombay High Court order refusing to stay the termination of former ICICI Bank CEO Chanda Kochhar. Sep 30, 2015 · Cut to 2015, and Chanda Kochhar, managing director and chief executive officer of the $132 billion (Rs 8. Kochhar is renowned for Apr 14, 2016 · Chanda Kochhar with her husband Deepak Kochhar and daughter Aarti ICICI Bank CEO and MD Chanda Kocchar has emerged as an inspiration to women everywhere. Aarti, who graduated from Harvard Business School, along with her husband Aditya Kaji, has returned to India and has entrepreneurship on her mind. While the Kocchars were granted bail by the Bombay high court Feb 19, 2024 · India News: The Bombay high court held that the arrest of former ICICI Bank Managing Director Chanda Kochhar and her husband Deepak Kochhar by the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) was an Dec 28, 2023 · New Delhi: Former ICICI Bank Managing Director and CEO Chanda Kochhar is yet again at the centre of a legal storm with a new case being registered against her in the national capital, accusing Kochhar and ten others of cheating a tomato paste company, leading to a staggering loss of Rs 27 crores. She was liable to discharge such trust following Reserve Bank of India guidelines and loan policies of ICICI Bank, the CBI argued. While the board will have to initiate proceedings to recover the bonuses, the options allotted to her under the employee stock Mar 25, 2021 · State Bank Of India share price; 819. चन्दा कोचर (जन्म : १७ नवम्बर १९६१) इस समय (दिसम्बर २००८) आईसीआईसीआई बैंक की मुख्य कार्यकारी ऑफिसर ( सीईओ) एवं प्रबन्ध निदेशक Dec 12, 2023 · The CBI had named Chanda Kochhar, Deepak Kochhar and Dhoot along with Nupower Renewables (NRL) managed by Deepak Kochhar, Supreme Energy, Videocon International Electronics Ltd and Videocon Industries Ltd as accused in the FIR registered in 2019 under IPC sections related to criminal conspiracy and provisions of the Prevention of Corruption Act. The ED, early in 2020, also attached assets worth Rs 78 crore "in possession of" Chanda Kochhar, Deepak Kochhar and the companies owned and controlled by him. Dec 25, 2022 · India Business News: Among other things, the CBI has accused Chanda Kochhar, 61, of irregularities, flouting banking rules and laws in a series of loans sanctioned to indu Jan 2, 2023 · Chanda Kochhar, the former head of ICICI Bank, and her husband Deepak were arrested on December 23, 2022. ET Bureau. Bombay HC had Feb 19, 2024 · The Bombay High Court said the December 2022 arrest of former ICICI Bank MD Chanda Kochhar and her husband Deepak Kochhar by the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) in a loan fraud case amounted to "abuse of power" as it was carried out "without application of mind and due regard to the law". Subsequently, in 2016, all shares of Quality Appliance Pvt Ltd were purchased by the family trust of Deepak Kochhar - Quality Advisor- for₹11 lakh. As managing director and CEO since 2009, she has brought India’s largest private bank a global vision and impressive returns, while also reaching Dec 24, 2022 · Ex-ICICI Bank CEO Chanda Kochhar Arrest: आईसीआईसीआई बैंक ने वीडियोकोन समूह को 3,250 करोड़ रुपये का लोन दिया था. ICICI Bank said that the inquiry proceedings initiated by it will Feb 19, 2024 · Calling it an “abuse of power”, the Bombay High Court said that the arrest of former ICICI Bank CEO Chanda Kochhar and her husband Deepak by the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) in December 2022 was done “without application of mind”. Earlier, her husband and NuPower boss Deepak Kocchar and Videocon boss Venugopal Dhoot wer also booked. The case, dating back to 2009, recently came to Aug 24, 2021 · The court, set up under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act, fixed September 6 for farming of charges in the ICICI Bank-Videocon money laundering case. Apr 14, 2016 · Chanda Kocchar with daughter Aarti Kochhar/ Facebook. Kochhar’s decision comes Jun 29, 2017 · Chanda Kochhar is a very well-known entrepreneur from India, who currently holds the position of the managing director (MD) and chief executive officer (CEO) of ICICI Bank. Here's a heartfelt letter from a doting mother to her daughter, Aarti. Now included in Sudha Menon's book Legacy: Letters from eminent parents to their Dec 26, 2022 · December 26, 2022. Getty Images. New Delhi, December 28. 24 Dec 2022. At the centre of the storm is Kochhar's Jan 10, 2023 · The order further stated, "We may note, that we have not gone into the other submissions advanced by Mr Desai, learned senior counsel appearing for the petitioner- Chanda Kochhar, in particular, the submission, that as per the mandate, a lady officer was not present at the time of the petitioner-Chanda Kochhar's arrest, in view of the finding recorded by us hereinabove. zp qy pu fp si yb dy bw hw bf
1