Python case conversion library. Do not just type in the measurements.

input_str. Mar 9, 2024 · In this project, we will use the inflect library for advanced case conversion and the pyperclip library to interact with the system clipboard. Method 2: Using Regular Expressions. Method 3: Third-Party Library. Aug 5, 2022 · action-2 case pattern-3: action-3 case _: action-default. Sep 14, 2020 · This program relies on three libraries, requests, drawSvg , and json. format() method and the Formatter class share the same syntax for format strings (although in the case of Formatter, subclasses can define their own format string syntax Mar 13, 2023 · Python is a great language for doing data analysis, primarily because of the fantastic ecosystem of data-centric Python packages. # Use a pipe `|` as the only delimiter. field() function. A complete description of the method is beyond the scope of this blog. this_is_my_variable = 'a'. To install pycasestyle, you can use pip:. b2a_qp(data, quotetabs=False, istext=True, header=False) ¶. re. One common task you might need to perform is renaming the columns of a DataFrame to a more consistent format like snake_case, which is preferred for Python variable names and hence enhances readability and maintainability of the code. Added in version 3. py EUR USD 1000. E. All user-defined exceptions should also be derived from this class. Aug 16, 2023 · Installing Python Polars. Python Lowercase Conversion: A Recap Converting strings to lowercase is a fundamental operation in Python, with practical applications in text processing and data cleaning. When you convert an image into a NumPy array, you can perform any transformations that you require directly on the pixels in the array. str. ascii_lowercase[index] result = '' for alphabet in word: if time. s. This means lower case characters will be converted into uppercase and U Aug 8, 2023 · In this method, Python needs user involvement to convert the variable data type into the required data type. 3 days ago · The decimal module provides support for fast correctly rounded decimal floating-point arithmetic. In Python, the pyttsx3 library provides a straightforward way to implement text-to-speech conversion. DELIMITERS = " -_". If provided, it represents a single-argument callable used to convert all values when assigning to the associated attribute. @Daniel - That issue is noted in the docs for title: "The algorithm uses a simple language-independent definition of a word as groups of consecutive letters. Jul 28, 2021 · If we want to convert a string into lowercase, then we need some built-in function. Creating PDF and Images from various sources like Word, Excel, Powerpoint, images, web pages or raw HTML codes. This function operates on a string and returns a new string where all the lowercase letters have been converted to uppercase. For frozen dataclasses, the converter is only used inside a dataclass -synthesized __init__ when Jan 12, 2015 · Converts a string to Camel Case with the ability to include words to skip over. To do this, instead of making all characters lower case This module can convert from/to Kelvin, Celsius, Rankine, Reaumur[1], and Romer[1] using formulas from Wikipedia. g. match() checks for a match only at the beginning of the string. new_number = integer_number + float_number. Feb 28, 2009 · Since the library function returns an A, you can't make it return a B without changing it. add_argument () method attaches individual argument specifications to the parser. code:: python from camelcase import CamelCase c = CamelCase() s = 'this is a sentence that needs CamelCasing!' print c. Return fmod(x, y), as defined by the platform C library. search() checks for a match anywhere in the string (this is what Perl does by default) re. The first method you’re going to try out is . context_diff(a, b, fromfile='', tofile='', fromfiledate='', tofiledate='', n=3, lineterm='\n') ¶. If you need more functionality, e. Download files. to_pascal(s) PascalCase: python - Python implementation using the RDFLib library; Each directory contains the code to convert a CASE graph to a specific output format after storing them in intermediary types. # Or read/write files: $ titlecase -f infile -o outfile. Is there any equivalent functionality in Python? Mar 29, 2015 · Try to write some variables that convert inches and pounds to centimeters and kilos. it("Basic tests") test. . split() 3 days ago · binascii. With NLTK, you can employ these algorithms through powerful built-in machine learning operations to obtain insights from linguistic data. – Third-party libraries like `case-converter` provide advanced case conversion options. Note: "Moved" the answer from [SO]: Python: Replace lower case to upper, and vice versa, simultaneously via ReGex lib (so more people can benefit out of it). See above for a description of the struct_time object. But these methods don't work on lists and other multi-st Apr 20, 2023 · Given a string in camel case, write a Python program to convert the given string from camel case to snake case. The Python Standard Library includes the cProfile Feb 16, 2022 · In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to use Python to create a switch-case statement. title() print ( f'{text} --> input_str. Mar 9, 2024 · In this project, we will use the in' ) Comparing strings in a case insensitive way seems trivial, but it's not. The return value is the converted line (s). Coming from a C# background the naming convention for variables and methods are usually either camelCase or PascalCase: // C# example. lowercase() don't. Besides the fact that you should probably not use match for your use case, you have to use qualified (dotted) names in one of the following ways: #1 Aug 23, 2023 · Output: Python code to demonstrate Type conversion using dict (), complex (), str () dict (): This function is used to convert a tuple of order (key, value) into a dictionary. ascii_uppercase)): # this is 26 we can use it as constant though upper_to_lower[string. describe("Testing function to_camel_case") test. title = text. string thisIsMyVariable = "a". If you want to avoid creating an in-memory list you could use use itertools. floor(x) ¶. >>> distance. If the optional argument istext is present and true Sep 6, 2021 · I made a function that can convert every string to snakecase but some of my string creating a problem. It is a program that prints what you can become when you learn various programming languages: ConvertAPI helps to convert various file formats. Feb 22, 2024 · Introduction. А соmрlete desсriрtiоn оf the met hоd is beyоnd the sсорe оf this blоg. def __init__(self, field): self. Method #1 : Naive ApproachThis is a naive implementation to convert camel c Dec 22, 2023 · IMAGE. I probably wouldn't have written this package if I had known of it before. ascii_uppercase[index]] = string. exception Exception ¶. If you use bare what you consider "variable names", they are actually going to be Capture Patterns. Adds an external dependency. One such APIs is the Python Text to Speech API commonly known as the pyttsx3 API. input_str = input_str def to_lower_simple(self): '''Converts to lower case using the built-in lower() method''' return self. 3 days ago · A list of the notes of this exception, which were added with add_note() . 3 days ago · The ast module helps Python applications to process trees of the Python abstract syntax grammar. These methods are simple to use Jan 10, 2024 · Key Takeaways. NZERO (negative zero), in which case we can still recover the sign using numpy. I recommend the first (fast) option, but unless you are parsing hundreds or thousands of documents, the speed advantage will be negligible. "HTTPResponse" -> "HTTP_Response") OR the more normal case of an initial lowercase word followed by a capitalized word (e. mile. This is really a special and annoying case, since in general the value 0 is unaffected by unit conversion, e. Mar 3, 2015 · Python provides built-in bin() functions to convert from non-binary number to binary number, oct() function to convert from non-octal number to octal number and hex() function to convert from non-hexadecimal number to hexadecimal number. Sometimes, it is better to use this type all capitalized, also known as Constant Case (used in constants in Python). But these methods don't work on lists and other multi-st Scope. Usage. If the optional argument quotetabs is present and true, all tabs and spaces will be encoded. Jan 18, 2018 · If you need compatibility with ancient versions of Python, you can either use gmpy (which does include a fast, completely general int-to-string conversion function, and can be built for such ancient versions – you may need to try older releases since the recent ones have not been tested for venerable Python and GMP releases, only somewhat recent ones), or, for less speed but more convenience Oct 14, 2013 · ConfigParser. str (): Used to convert an integer into a string. Compare a and b (lists of strings); return a delta (a generator generating the delta lines) in context diff format. In most of the case, it is necessary to convert a string into lowercase. Convert binary data to a line (s) of ASCII characters in quoted-printable encoding. titlecase. Style Gui Feb 12, 2021 · Python's match is much more than a simple switch statement. Before installing Polars, make sure you have Python and pip installed on your system. This specification introduces a new parameter named converter to the dataclasses. The rules for writing in title case are: 1) Always capitalize the first word. Aug 24, 2023 · Python is a great language for data analysis, primarily because of the fantastic ecosystem of data-centric Python packages. Requires regex knowledge and can be complex. You'll want to do a few things: Use split to get a list of words. 10, Python did not have an official switch-case statement. For that, we are using a casefold() function. chain, but then if you are concerned about memory footprint when converting snake to camel case you have much bigger problems. Straightforward, easy to read and debug. Return the floor of x, the largest integer less than or equal to x. The following shows the syntax of the title() method: Dec 5, 2008 · If you need to convert coordinates from UTM to LatLng in python or javascript, you can find some useful answers and code examples on this Stack Overflow question. Powerful and flexible. 3 days ago · Some shared libraries not only export functions, they also export variables. It is intended to be unicode aware, internally consistent, and reasonably well performing. You’ll dive into case conversion. gmtime([secs]) ¶. 54 print inches print centimeters print "1 inch is %s centimeters. Features. as per definition in PEP no. Feb 13, 2023 · The charstr in the above code is a string of all letters of the English Alphabet in lower case followed by letters in upper case. Remove ads. text = 'welcome to datagy'. Dec 27, 2014 · The issue is referred as the 'false origin problem' : the 0°Celsius is defined as 273. Sep 1, 2021 · For example, you might want to convert from some Imperial unit to a Metric unit. Method #1: Using split () + join () + title () + generator expression. Parsing CSV Files With the pandas Library. Basic Usage ===== . assert_equals(to_camel_case(''), '', "An empty string was provided A case conversion library for Python with Unicode support. ctypes can access values like this with the in_dll() class methods of the type. Do not just type in the measurements. Automatic case detection, no need to specify the input case; Extremely fast, written in Rust ; Support for Unicode characters; Support for providing acronyms in title case; Supported cases 2 days ago · The default version understands ‘s’ (str), ‘r’ (repr) and ‘a’ (ascii) conversion types. However, the code of Casefy is more lightweight and just enough for most cases. Every character in the English language is substituted By use case. You can learn more about NumPy in NumPy Tutorial: Your First Steps Into Data Science in Python. Basically I have category data in my Dataframe, I want to convert something like below. fields is an iterable whose elements are each either name, (name, type) , or (name, type, Field). If you're not sure which to choose, learn more about installing packages. fullmatch() checks for entire string to be a match. " % convert Feb 18, 2024 · Method 2: Using apply() with a Lambda Function. Example 1: Converting integer to float. fmod(x, y) ¶. Work out the math in Python. Merge, Encrypt, Split, Repair and Decrypt PDF files and many other manipulations. Small words like ‘in’ and ‘no’ should not Mar 24, 2023 · Explanation : String converted to Camel Case. x (which does the right thing) treats strings as Unicode. {x, y} - Repeat at least x times but no more than y times. Here, the conversion Kelvin/°Celsius is characterized by a factor 1 and an offset of 273. float (): Python float () function take Sep 3, 2022 · You are iterating k from 1 to the length of the string minus one. Delimeter customization. Default delimiters used to denote a token boundary. __floor__, which should return an Integral value. An abstract syntax tree can be generated by passing ast. An example of a switch statement written with the match case syntax is shown below. upper() 'EGG BACON 123 SAUSAGE LOBSTER. It’s going to return a copy of the string with 3 days ago · search () vs. Morse, an inventor of the telegraph. field = field. to_any_case() is an attempt to provide good low level control, while still being high level enough for daily usage. I will be using Python 3, since Python 2 is underdeveloped here. The first thing to note is that case-removing conversions in Unicode aren't trivial. In data analysis and manipulation with Python, Pandas is often a go-to library due to its ease of use and powerful features. So far I have done this: inches = 1 centimeters = 1 convert = centimeters * 2. , detecting the case of a string, go with case-conversion. dotNetRDF) May 13, 2024 · For case conversion, Python's built-in string methods such as lower(), upper(), capitalize(), and title() can be used to change the case of strings in a dataset. $ echo "Can pipe and/or whatever else" | titlecase. This is more like an exercise: I wanted to do a comparison between different variants (and apparently ReggaExp tends to be slower than string manipulations - and (as expected) swapcase is waaay faster than anything else). code-block:: bash pip install pycasestyle. Sep 11, 2023 · The upper() Function: Python’s Built-in Tool for Uppercase Conversion. If secs is not provided or None, the current time as returned by time() is used. Let's see an example where Python promotes the conversion of the lower data type (integer) to the higher data type (float) to avoid data loss. The general process is: Read the contents of the JSON-LD graph into an in-memory graph datastore in the selected library (e. Inspect the data you send to the server and the data the server sends back to you. 8987 USD. Apr 19, 2024 · In JSON keys are frequently in camelCase format, while variable names in Python are typically snake_case. . signbit(). Convert a time expressed in seconds since the epoch to a struct_time in UTC in which the dst flag is always zero. $ python --version. It offers several advantages over the float datatype: Decimal “is based on a floating-point model which was designed with people in mind, and necessarily has a paramount guiding principle – computers must provide an arithmetic that works in the same way as the arithmetic that people learn at Jan 5, 2024 · Python is a great language for data analysis, primarily because of the fantastic ecosystem of data-centric Python packages. CI/CD & Automation DevOps Fast and high quality sample-rate conversion library for Python License Unknown, LGPL-2. For another example of case conversion with good default settings, you can look into the clean_names() function from the janitor package, which works directly on data frames. By the end of this tutorial, you’ll have learned: How… Read More »Python Switch (Match-Case) Statements Jan 13, 2023 · According to the author, the library is slow. In addition, commonly used acronyms can be kept in a local file at ~/. These functions return a string literal to represent the values. Apr 22, 2017 · The below-simplified code help to convert Lower-case alphabets to Upper-case alphabets using a simple calculation. Format String Syntax¶ The str. lower() def to_lower_for_loop(self): '''Converts to lower case by iterating Feb 28, 2024 · In this tutorial, you’ve learned how to: Make requests using a variety of different HTTP methods such as GET, POST, and PUT. pyttsx3 is a very easy to use tool which converts the text entered, into audio. The abstract syntax itself might change with each Python release; this module helps to find out programmatically what the current grammar looks like. 0" has probably been stored as numpy. pythonapi is a predefined symbol giving access to the Python C Jan 24, 2017 · If that's the case and you are lucky the DataFrame was created using numpy floats, then "-0. Install these packages using pip: pip install inflect pyperclip. >>> s = 'EGG Bacon 123 sauSAGE lOBsTer. You already are aware of the drawSvg. Source Distribution Apr 26, 2022 · Morse code is a method of transmitting text information as a series of on-off tones, lights, or clicks that can be directly understood by a skilled listener or observer without special equipment. s[k+1] will therefore be out of bounds. Both libraries offer functions that mimic the Python JSON module, making it super easy to convert your code to JSON5. You can pass delims to each case conversion function to specify a custom set of delimiters. Apr 10, 2023 · Given a string in camel case, write a Python program to convert the given string from camel case to snake case. Feb 13, 2024 · pycasestyle is a Python library for converting variable naming styles between CamelCase, snake_case, kebab-case, and PascalCase. Case when Column='X' then 'A' when Column='Y' then 'B' End. Polars supports Python versions 3. Examples of Type Casting in Python. ArgumentParser(prog='ProgramName',description='What the program does',epilog='Text at the bottom of help') The ArgumentParser. Note that the underscore symbol is what you use to define a default case for the switch statement in Python. Unfortunately, this doesn’t work very well: If the string contains apostrophes, it results in this: They’Re Not Working. To check your Python version, open a terminal or command prompt and run the following command: Shell. The title() returns a copy of a string in the titlecase. Output: Last updated datetime: 2022-02-01 13:04:00+00:00 1000. In this, we first split all underscores, and then join the string appending initial word, followed by title cased words using generator expression and title (). Pandas provide a method to swap case of each string in a series. bytes are really base-256 encoded "strings". Pandas is one of those packages and makes importing and analyzing data much easier. If just name is supplied, typing. Note that the Python expression x % y may not return the same result. "getResponse" -> "get_Response". This means lowercased keys by default. Let’s take a look at an example of how you can use Python to convert a string to title case: # Convert a String to Title Case in Python. ConfigParser() is documented to behave this way, in the Mapping Protocol Access section: By default, all keys in sections are accessible in a case-insensitive manner. B. All built-in, non-system-exiting exceptions are derived from this class. 7 and above. Sentiment analysis is the practice of using algorithms to classify various samples of related text into overall positive and negative categories. – Python offers built-in methods such as `upper ()`, `lower ()`, and `swapcase ()` for case conversion. The definition works in many contexts but it means that apostrophes in contractions and possessives form word boundaries, which may not be the desired result". {x,} - Repeat at least x times or more. ' >>> s. – Case conversion has diverse applications in NLP, web development, and data analysis. May 31, 2024 · In Python, case conversion operations like lower() or upper() within loops can have performance implications, especially for large datasets. PyCF_ONLY_AST as a flag to the compile heck is a case conversion library. org[2]. Here’s an example: import pandas as pd. The algorithm is very simple. Any is used for type. Download the file for your platform. Method #1 : Naive ApproachThis is a naive implementation to convert camel c Jan 27, 2010 · I use Google App Engine and cannot use any C/C++ extension, just pure & pythonic library to do conversion of Unicode/UTF-8 strings to lower/upper case. Feb 1, 2022 · This time, we get the source and target currencies as well as the amount from the command-lines, trying to convert 1000 EUR to USD: $ python currency_converter_xe. Installation To install the pyttsx3 API, open terminal and write pip install pyttsx3 This library is dependent on win3 Jun 6, 2023 · Text-to-speech conversion. Installation. An example in the Python library itself is the Py_Version, Python runtime version number encoded in a single constant integer. Dec 20, 2023 · Python is a great language for data analysis, primarily because of the fantastic ecosystem of data-centric Python packages. Learn how to use libraries like pyproj, proj4js or geodesy to perform the conversion and handle different zones and formats. Text-to-speech synthesis is the process of converting written text into spoken words. This is accomplished using the “Speech Recognition” API and the “PyAudio” library. Dec 27, 2022 · case-conversion offers a very similar functionality as this project. 23. Of course, the Python CSV library isn’t the only game in town. difflib. May 6, 2024 · There are several APIs available to convert text to speech in python. upper() on the desired columns. In order to accomplish this, you had a number of different options, such as if-else statements and dictionaries. It is named for Samuel F. Customize your requests by modifying headers, authentication, query strings, and message bodies. The title() method converts the first character of each words to uppercase and the remaining characters in lowercase. Python Libraries and Modules for Case Conversion. 11. This attribute is created when add_note() is called. Usage Here’s how to use str. Hence you do not have to Jul 24, 2009 · @AnmolSinghJaggi The first regex handles the edge case of an acronym followed by another word (e. One thing you can do is write a function to take the fields of the A instance and copy them over into a new B instance: class A: # defined by the library. to_camel(s) camelCase: cases. Now that we have our project environment set up, we can proceed with the foundational steps for case conversion in Python. The requests library is used for making API calls, and the json library is used for converting the API response in a string to a Python dictionary format. 15 K. It is a built-in function that is already available in the python library. If you want to convert only specific columns to uppercase, you can use apply() with a lambda function that calls str. Sep 19, 2020 · I am looking for functionality in python equivalent to case in SQL. nums is another list that contains the string form of all the numbers from 1 to 52. Usage Jun 2, 2023 · Convert string to title case in Python Title case is a style of writing that is used for the titles of articles, books, movies, and other works. Make Me a Title. Reading CSV files is possible in pandas as well. You’ll learn how to convert HSV to RGB in Python using built-in modules like colorsys and matplotlib in this chapter. I used re module ENTIRE CODE import re def toSnakeCase(string, restToLower : bool = False): Jan 27, 2024 · # importing necessary libraries import re class CaseConverter: '''Class to demonstrate different string case conversion techniques in Python''' def __init__(self, input_str): self. Fractions of a second are ignored. The input test cases are as follows: test. Python 2. float_number = 1. match () ¶. The apply() function can be used to apply a function along an axis of the DataFrame. If not, the sign might be lost and points just south of the equator or west of the zero-th meridian will appear as just north 2 days ago · It is a container for argument specifications and has options that apply to the parser as whole: parser=argparse. I’m going to demonstrate how to convert speech to text using Python in this blog. '. Python’s built-in upper() function is your go-to tool for converting any string to uppercase. Mainly type casting can be done with these data type functions: Int (): Python Int () function take float or string as an argument and returns int type object. title() 'String In Title Case'. It is highly recommended if you have a lot of data to analyze. Titlecase also provides a command line utility titlecase: $ titlecase make me a title. Apr 1, 2020 · The first word within the output should be capitalized only if the original word was capitalized (known as Upper Camel Case, also often referred to as Pascal case). Aug 5, 2017 · String case converter. But these methods don't work on lists and other multi-st 2 days ago · The arguments for this method are the same as those for the make_file() method. capitalize (). x treats strings as a sequence of bytes, whereas Python 3. 634. txt. The aim of the temperature conversion library is to create an easy to use, syntactically simple way to convert between temperature units of measurement. for option in parser["section"] yields only optionxform ’ed option key names. In this video, you’ll look at the first category of string methods. 0 EUR = 1125. Oct 30, 2023 · A case conversion library for Python. A popular use case would be to convert from miles to kilometers. Pandas is one of those packages, making importing and analyzing data much easier. public void ThisIsMyMethod() In Python, I have seen the above but I have also seen snake_case being used: # python example. complex (real,imag) : This function converts real numbers to complex (real,imag) number. The combination of above functions can be used to solve this problem. This library exists to provide case conversion between common cases like CamelCase and snake_case. Nov 10, 2018 · import string def to_lower_case(word): # construct auxilliary dictionary to avoid ord and chr built-in methods upper_to_lower = {} for index in range(len(string. Apr 9, 2022 · You can quickly create a title case string in Python; just use the built-in title() method: >>> title = "string in title case". 1 licenses found 3 days ago · Creates a new dataclass with name cls_name, fields as defined in fields, base classes as given in bases, and initialized with a namespace as given in namespace. re module handles this very gracefully as well using the following regular expressions: {x} - Repeat exactly x number of times. 0 [m] = 0 [miles] = . integer_number = 123. Mar 21, 2024 · String Manipulation: Case conversion can be a building block for more complex string manipulation tasks, such as text parsing, search and replace operations, or pattern matching. The hsv to rgb() function in the colorsys library takes three parameters – hue, saturation, and value – and returns the corresponding RGB color. camelcase ( "Hello,|world!", delims="|") # output: helloWorld. Python offers different primitive operations based on regular expressions: re. The list() function of Python helps in converting the given string to a list of all the characters that form the string. Supported styles: - CamelCase - SnakeCase - KebabCase - PascalCase. >>> ureg = UnitRegistry() >>> distance = 5 * ureg. Examples: Input : GeeksForGeeks Output : geeks_for_geeks Input : ThisIsInCamelCase Output : this_is_in_camel_case Let's see the different ways we can do this task. Simplifies code with ready-made function. Open up your Python REPL (or IDLE) and try out the following code: >>> from pint import UnitRegistry. You can integrate it into your application in just a few minutes and use it easily. For that, the casefold() function in python is useful. For example, checking the validity of a phone number in an application. The purpose of this pacakgae is to help convert between the two formats. Jan 18, 2023 · In this video, we learn about the different case types there are in programming and when to use what in Python, according to the naming conventions. To convert from camel case to snake case: from camel_converter import to_snake snake = to_snake ("myString") This will convert myString into my_string Aug 30, 2023 · Case Styles in Python – Get a comprehensive look at different naming and case styles used in Python programming. Jan 1, 2023 · New converter parameter. Python has some inbuilt methods to convert a string into a lower, upper, or Camel case. Foundational Steps Dec 14, 2022 · Because strings are immutable, the old string is destroyed and a new string is returned. >>> title. It enables applications to generate human-like speech, making them more accessible and engaging. upper(): Python. These are part of the Python 3 runtime environment. code : def toUppercase(string): convertedCharacter = '' for i in string: convertCharacter += chr( ( (ord(i)) -32) ) return convertCharacter Feb 21, 2024 · Method 1: Function and Loop. Prior to Python version 3. Not the most concise. NumPy is a very popular Python library for dealing with numeric arrays, and it’s an ideal tool to use with Pillow. If x is not a float, delegates to x. Context diffs are a compact way of showing Feb 13, 2024 · pycasestyle is a Python library for converting variable naming styles between CamelCase, snake_case, kebab-case, and PascalCase. Command Line Usage. math. pandas is an open-source Python library that provides high performance data analysis tools and easy to use data structures. lower() and string. To make titlecased version of a string, you use the string title() method. Can Pipe and/or Whatever Else. 2 days ago · math. Python’s standard library provides several built-in functions for case conversion, including: Sep 27, 2013 · You are absolutely right, however that does not apply in this particular case, as what is passed to the join method is not a comprehension but a regular list. The currently supported cases are: Function Output; cases. hump(s) # This is a Sentence That Needs CamelCasing! If you have particular words that you want to skip then you can do the Jul 17, 2020 · Snake Case: first_name. @mikl Of course, Python's base64 module may not be suitable for generating short URLs, but all of Python's encoding methods are really working on base-256 number sequences. ja es yv nt ru pc cn zj vo nu