Duke courses undergraduate fees For Undergraduates Browse course titles and descriptions in the online Undergraduate Bulletin. We teach courses in a broad array of areas, including education and social policy, health and population, environment and energy, international development, global governance and security, civil society, and leadership and ethics. 00 per course credit (One Duke undergraduate course credit is equivalent to a 3-4 credit undergraduate course at most other institutions). Trinity, which serves over 80 % of the undergraduate population, offers a robust and contemporary liberal arts education in a world-class research environment. The following are the fees associated with an undergraduate degree. Students admitted to the domestic exchange program are limited to undergraduate courses and may not take classes in Duke's graduate level professional schools such as Fuqua School of Business, the Law School, the Medical School, etc. Further information about registration procedures may be obtained from the Office of the University Registrar at registrar. Then, click Class Search. Computer Science offers incredible opportunities as both a field of study and as a foundation for continued work in academic and professional areas. 04 L. Aug 22, 2024 · Below are the entry requirements for undergraduate and postgraduate courses at Duke University to students looking to study in the USA. The program can be used for up to two courses in a Fall or Spring semester or one 100-199 Introductory-level undergraduate courses; basic skills/activity courses; foundation courses; Focus program courses 200-399 Undergraduate courses above introductory level 400-499 Advanced undergraduate, senior seminars, capstone courses, honors thesis courses 500-699 Graduate courses open to advanced undergraduates 700-999 Graduate only Who is eligible to enroll in Summer Session for-credit courses? Summer Session courses are open to currently enrolled Duke undergraduate students, DKU undergraduate students, and undergraduate students at other accredited universities (i. The seminars fulfill general curriculum, major, minor, and certificate requirements. Residents - $1,500 Attending Physician - $2,000 . To see a listing of courses focused type or key physics topics, please refer to the menu selections on the right. Application Process Those students who have not paid billed fees owed to, or fines imposed by, the university (such as laboratory fees, library fines, and parking fines) will not be permitted to register until the fees and fines have been paid, even if the student has paid tuition for the upcoming term. If you need special accommodations with your course schedule or course load in order to take a technique or a performance class, see the DANCE 280 overview or Check your course syllabi and learn more about the Duke Community Standard. Biology 201L, BIOLOGY 349L, Chemistry 101DL, Chemistry 201DL, Chemistry 202DL, CHEM 210L, Physics 141L, and Physics 142L - also some Engineering courses with labs); Dec 10, 2024 · Duke University Courses & Popular Programs: Find around 160 courses from Duke University, along with tuition fees, eligibility, course duration, and more. Back to Top. This 4+1 program may be a good path for you if you are able to take two or more “extra” graduate courses as an undergraduate, beyond any courses you need for your undergraduate degree. For example, the fees for a three-year BA course at a general college is around INR 100,000. The Focus Program New for 2025! Spring Engineering Semester. Courses are often cross-listed in more than one department. The graduate school tuition & fees is $63,985. A maximum total of four course credits (made up of partial credit courses) in technique and performance courses may count toward the thirty-four courses required for graduation from Duke. Experience Duke University from anywhere by taking an online course this summer! Join other academically advanced 10th and 11th grade students (2024-2025 school year) and undergraduates from Duke and from around the world. Anyone seeking to audit a course in the Divinity School must, with the consent of the instructor concerned, secure permission from the Office of Academic Programs. Duke engineers are encouraged to enrich their studies with courses offered across all of Duke—including Trinity College of Arts & Sciences and the School of Medicine. 2024-2025 Undergraduate Instruction Bulletin. Students will learn to get curious, try stuff out and talk to people through experiential activities in and out of the classroom, self-reflection The Graduate School oversees 80-plus PhD and master's programs at Duke. Students in Duke-administered and Duke-approved programs are expected to enroll in the equivalent of 4. Note that these requirements are subject to change depending on the course chosen by the aspirant. 04 (USD 95) for graduates, which is non-refundable. E. Duke Computer Science offers a Master of Science in Computer Science and a joint program with Economics, the Master of Science in Economics and Computation (MSEC). There is no additional fee for enrolling in an ensemble; Graduate Students: Graduate students must get approval from their department DGS to enroll in undergraduate Music courses. Undergraduate Instruction at Duke Duke undergraduates are in one of two schools: Trinity College of Arts & Sciences or Pratt School of Engineering. 0 Duke course credits each semester. course. Participants must be 16-years-old by the first day of the term to be eligible. 100-199 Introductory-level undergraduate courses; basic skills/activity courses; foundation courses; Focus program courses 200-399 Undergraduate courses above introductory level 400-499 Advanced undergraduate, senior seminars, capstone courses, honors thesis courses 500-699 Graduate courses open to advanced undergraduates 700-999 Graduate only In the case of dropping special fee courses (e. A course withdrawal is noted on your official Duke transcript (as a W) The deadline to request withdrawal from a course in a fall/spring semester is 11:59 p. Undergraduate Admission Eligibility Requirements for Duke University $8,291. The average Duke University fees after aid $32,459 which can be a little on the higher end as it is a renowned university. 50 per enrolled summer term. 44 (USD 85) for undergraduates and Rs. The Center for Documentary Studies offers undergraduate courses that supplement and enrich students’ work in a broad range of academic disciplines. 7858 Nov 18, 2024 · In the event that participant do not take any courses that semester, they would not have to pay this fee. Check the table mentioned below to know more about the courses, fees, and duration & eligibility: Fees. The regular decision deadline for Duke University is January 2. For those more experienced, this workshop will sharpen your skills and keep you up-to-date through discussions of current grant writing trends. S. The tuition fee at Duke University for Indian students ranges around Rs. The Dance Program curriculum is Course Description Students work in a team to learn and apply the engineering design process to solve an open-ended, client-based problem drawn from a community partner. Start your journey with Duke. However, understanding the ins and outs of tuition fees and the cost of living can aid in crafting a better plan. Dining. Frequently Asked Questions Below are some frequently asked questions about the Duke Immerse program. Engineering Government Dues are charged to all undergraduate students in the Pratt School of Engineering. All fees are The independent study must provide a rigorous academic experience equivalent to that of any other undergraduate Duke course. Download PDF here. edu. majors alike can take part in field courses to Mexico, Singapore and other locations. 01 Mathavi Strasburger 110. m. However, the fees are generally higher than those at public universities. *IMPORTANT* All forms must be submitted to your Academic Dean by 11:59 p. Did you know you can earn engineering credits at the Duke University Marine Lab? Check out the lineup of spring marine engineering and ecology courses, along with opportunities for hands-on research with faculty—all offered with Pratt students' needs in mind. Undergraduates connect their educational experiences and creative expression to broader community life through documentary fieldwork projects, while they also examine the theoretical, practical and ethical issues related to this work through To audit a course primarily intended for undergraduates (below the 500 level): Students should complete the undergraduate course registration form, accompany it with an email from the instructor granting the student permission to audit the course, and submit both items to gradacademics@duke. 4 Duke credits, equivalent to 16 DKU credits) for the fall/spring semester. The Course Catalog is a comprehensive volume of all active courses at Duke, not all of which are offered in any given term. Concurrent Enrollment Every Duke undergraduate student takes classes in Trinity College—it serves as Duke’s liberal arts core. Tuition for 2024 Tuition for Duke and DKU undergraduate students . Duke employee’s, please see Special Tuition Rates for Duke Employees for eligibility and special employee prices. Students will only be able to enroll in university courses taught on the Duke campus in Durham, North Carolina Only graduate-level courses, those numbered 500 and higher, and counting as equivalent to Duke Divinity School courses (3. The public policy major offers many exciting opportunities. Undergraduate Psychology Program. Students must register for PUBPOL 120 in Summer Session 2 of the summer they are participating in the internship experience. 100-199 Introductory-level undergraduate courses; Duke University Durham, NC 27708 psychneuro@duke. 200-399 Undergraduate courses above introductory level 400-499 Advanced undergraduate, For Duke-approved programs, Duke charges a per semester Study Abroad Fee (see the section Fees for Study Abroad for details about fees charged for Duke-approved study abroad programs). Courses can be a mix of natural, physical and social sciences. Students should check with the instructor for details. Field-Oriented Courses – B. If you don’t see what you are looking for or still have outstanding questions, you can contact the Duke Immerse team at immerse@duke. 100-199 Introductory-level undergraduate courses; basic skills/activity courses; foundation courses; Focus program courses 200-399 Undergraduate courses above introductory level 400-499 Advanced undergraduate, senior seminars, capstone courses, honors thesis courses 500-699 Graduate courses open to advanced undergraduates 700-999 Graduate only Nathan has an academic year parent contribution of $20,000 for the previous academic year, and he is taking classes at Duke in Summer 1. MUSIC 203-208 (one hour), 0. 65. 3%. His total costs for Summer 1 will be $5,680 (tuition for two non-lab courses) + $4,160 (other expenses). Standard undergraduate tuition, required fees, housing, and dining charges (per semester) To view the Schedule of Classes, first go to DukeHub. Graduate courses used for your MEng/MEM degree cannot be used for your undergraduate degree; Any Duke alumnus may apply for 4+1 up to five years after graduating from Duke’s undergraduate program, and Duke offers several Master of Engineering Online programs as well as the Master of Engineering Management Online program New Undergraduate Course Designations as of Fall 2023: Economics - ECON Economics is an extraordinarily broad discipline that has something to say on virtually all topics that involve human decision making, not just those involving the financial sector. on the day four (4) weeks prior to the last day of classes - published in the Academic Calendar . Audit Fee (Fall and Spring Students planning to register for a course under the interinstitutional agreement must have the course approved by the appropriate director of undergraduate studies and their academic dean. 50 per enrolled summer term for both online and on-campus undergraduate students. You can apply for UG admissions at Duke University through Common Application or Coalition Application. The acceptance rate is just 6. The special Employee Tuition Rate Program is designed to make Duke’s academic coursework more accessible to its employees by offering greatly reduced tuition rates for most undergraduate courses. . Apart from academic achievements, the university looks for the leadership and behavioral qualities of a candidate. edu (link opens in a new window/tab) to request to waiver of the student health fee. , not seeking their degree at Duke). Biology 201L, BIOLOGY 349L, Chemistry 101DL, Chemistry 201DL, Chemistry 202DL, CHEM 210L, Physics 141L, and Physics 142L - also some Engineering courses with labs); Duke University ranks as one of the leading universities in the world for academic programs, medicine, and research. edu) to be placed on the waiting list. His summer family contribution will be $5,000 (25% of $20,000). Duke’s online courses and programs range from short on-demand courses to complete graduate degree programs. Capstone Experience – 1 Course. Select Term 2 Summer Session courses are open to academically advanced, rising 11th and 12th -grade high school students. Final exams are scheduled for August 9 Undergraduate students do not pay an additional fee to enroll in PE courses and register through DukeHub the same as for other Duke courses. However, we do NOT recommend taking both 370 and 570, because of the overlap in their contents. The program merges the interactive, user-driven aspects of the Internet with a comprehensive paralegal curriculum. Focused on the arts, this trans-disciplinary program will immerse students in the New York arts scene, challenge their intellectual pursuits, and grow their professional networks. The school offers numerous resources that enhance the graduate student experience, advocates for students' needs, provides a larger community of support for students outside their departments and programs, and sets policies that ensure students receive a high-quality educational experience. , both COMPSCI 371 and 671), the extra course can still be counted as the 5th elective for your BS major. We encourage students to think not only about preparing for future job, but also about preparing for a lifetime of learning and global citizenship. edu Undergraduate Tuition & Fees. Fee per semester: $822; Ensembles: MUSIC 210-1, 210-2, 210-4, 210-6, 211-1, 211-2, 213-1, 213-3, 0. Duke University MEM & MEng Tuition & Fees. Daily instruction from professional, seasoned instructors and teaching associates; small group/discussion options; all course supplies; access to course-required software/programs. Nathan will be taking two non-lab courses. Courses below the 500 level may not be applied toward the required credits needed for a post-baccalaureate degree. 0 credit courses on DukeHub will convert to a 1. Duke Immerse courses are Duke courses,… Read More »FAQ Course Fees. The course will cover the principles of mechanical characterization for soft materials such as polymeric liquids, hydrogels, foodstuffs, soft biological organs/tissues/implants and viscoelastic solids. There are exceptions. Term 2 courses meet online from June 30 - August 8, 2025. No processing fee is charged for using PayNow QR and Convera in NUSFastPay. What courses can I take while at Duke? o All DKU students at Duke must enroll in a full course load (min. Duke University application fees for Indian students are around Rs. NOTE: If you take two courses under the same bullet above (e. Trinity College classes span the arts, humanities, natural sciences, and social sciences to encourage you to think deeply within disciplines and broadly across them, with a healthy balance of tradition and innovation. The 4+1 MSCS program is suitable primarily for CS majors and CS minors. ECON courses are courses that explore this rich landscape outside the area of financial economics. Dance Program. No more than one non-Duke course can be used as an elective. the annual tuition fees payable remains constant throughout the 4-year duration). The expenses of Duke University might take you aback. Duke University location is Durham, NC 27708, USA. $2,970 for regular or non-science lab course;. Summer Estimated Cost Summer Tuition (2 courses @ $2,267 per credit) $13,599: Summer Student Health Fee (estimate) $302 May 3, 2024 · Program Hallmarks. Fall or spring semester course fees are $535 per course credit, though eligible Duke employees can audit many undergraduate courses in Trinity College of Arts You will find several tools for exploring Duke’s many courses on this site, via the tabs on the right. 2024-2025 School of Nursing Bulletin. Who is eligible to enroll in Summer Session for-credit courses?Current 10th and 11th grade students are eligible to apply to a selection of six-week courses for credit. Credit courses include on-campus options for local commuters and online options for non-commuters 0-99 Advanced Placement Credit; House Courses; First-Year Seminars; First-Year Writing; Registrar/Department special purpose 100-199 Introductory-level undergraduate courses; basic skills/activity courses; foundation courses; Focus program courses 200-399 Undergraduate courses above introductory level 400-499 Advanced undergraduate, senior seminars, capstone courses, honors thesis courses NOTE: Duke has renumbered all undergraduate and graduate courses with new course numbers being activated. Fall and/or Spring Semester: A Duke undergraduate regularly enrolled as a full-time degree-seeking student and paying full fees can sign up for one course at UNC-Chapel Hill, UNC-Charlotte, or UNC-Greensboro; NC Central University; or NC State University each semester through an interinstitutional agreement that exists between these institutions and Duke. 44 L - 90. Fall and Spring semesters only: $535 per one course credit (regular) $100 per course credit – max 2 courses (Employee Tuition Rate Plan) UPDATE: Effective Summer 2024, public policy majors will not be required to register for PUBPOL 120 Internship course. The course auditing fee is waived if a graduate Oct 22, 2024 · Additionally, the average tuition fee for undergraduate programs at Duke University ranges from INR 53. 660. For more guidance on which Introductory Courses undergraduates should take, or to see sample course schedules, please visit Course Selection & Recommendations. g. Our program prepares exceptionally aware, creative and socially responsible individuals. 02 Design Your Duke Journey (+Career!) is an interactive course that applies a design-thinking framework and mindset to career exploration and development. Nov 4, 2024 · Auditing a course through Duke Learning Innovation & Lifetime Education requires obtaining the instructor’s permission, completing an online personal information form and paying a fee. As an internationally recognized leader in research and education, our department enables undergraduates to take classes with renowned faculty, engage in cutting-edge research, and build a strong foundation for future study or work in a wide Feb 6, 2024 · Duke University early decision deadline for undergraduate admission is November 1. 19 lakhs per year for both undergraduate and postgraduate courses. The tuition fees for MD and PhD programmes at Duke-NUS Medical School are approved by the Ministry of Education in Singapore. 0 credit hours), will be applied to a student’s degree. The Duke Online Global Paralegal Program is a 300-hour course of study designed to train students in the aspects of the paralegal profession. Independent study courses may not duplicate available course offerings in the semester or summer term in which the independent study is being taken, nor may independent study be used simply to provide low-level support for other projects or to observe or shadow the work The Course Listing below gives a comprehensive view of all classes offered by the department. Duke engineers are encouraged to enrich their studies with courses offered across all of Duke—including within the Trinity College of Arts & Sciences. C. Please reach out to Jim Bolognesi (bolog001@mc. In general, completion of the eight required program courses would result in a total tuition cost of $66,912 for MEM students. 0-99 Advanced Placement Credit; House Courses; First-Year Seminars; First-Year Writing; Registrar/Department special purpose 100-199 Introductory-level undergraduate courses; basic skills/activity courses; foundation courses; Focus program courses 200-399 Undergraduate courses above introductory level 400-499 Advanced undergraduate, senior seminars, capstone courses, honors thesis courses It's not a surprise that Duke University School of Medicine excels in fields of research and is one of the nation's top medical schools. There are no exceptions to this university policy. Policy. ***Duke Employees should refer to Special Tuition Rates for Duke Employees to learn more about paying $975 to take an undergraduate course (numbered 001-499) for credit. Financial aid comes as grants and scholarships that can marginally cut your tuition as well as living expenses. Learn more. However; students are advised to seek financial aid during their time at Duke. Take your knowledge and career to the next level with one of Duke University's online degree programs. 5 course credit. Student Services Fee - $146. , music, art, golf), or of part-time students dropping audit courses, a full refund will be granted during the drop-add period. MS in Computer Science The MS program combines a firm grounding in theoretical foundations with training in current technologies and applications. Tuition for the 2024-2025 academic year is $33,456 (MEM) or $32,990 (MEng) per semester. Over half of our students pay far less than the total cost of attendance, with 21% of our first-year class attending tuition-free in the last year. 668. The Duke Immerse Program requires participants to enroll in a set of four seminars. For the MD programme, tuition fees are fixed for the four-year duration of study (i. These fees fund student government and other recognized Duke student organizations. Course Description. The university has two graduate schools: Pratt School of Engineering, and Trinity College of Arts and Sciences. Choose one of the Oct 1, 2024 · The MSCS degree is in addition to your undergraduate degree. Mar 21, 2023 · In this era of global change, the Earth and Climate Sciences major allows students to immerse themselves in understanding the Earth’s interacting and ever-changing scientific systems – including the solid earth, the atmosphere, the hydrosphere and the biosphere – and the role humans play in ensuring the sustainability of our environment. Each entry includes a link to enroll An introductory rheology course for both graduate and senior undergraduate students in MEMS, BME, CEE, Physics and Chemistry. Discover courses from across the arts & sciences and earn college credit. More than just a pathway for fulfilling graduation requirements, courses allow students to explore new ideas, themselves, and the world. Physics Building, 120 Science Drive Campus Box 90305 Durham, NC 27708 (919) 660-2500 The MSCS degree is in addition to your undergraduate degree. You can read below to find the cost before your aid is applied, but the most important thing is how much Duke is likely to cost you after our assistance. o For Summer enrollment, please see the Summer Session section of this document. Mar 12, 2024 · For the academic year 2023-2024, the undergraduate tuition & fees at Duke University is $65,805. 3354 Fax: 919. 100 - 199 – Introductory-level undergraduate courses; basic skills / activity courses; 200 - 399 – Undergraduate courses above introductory level; 400 - 499 – Advanced undergraduate, senior seminars, capstone courses, honors thesis courses; 500 - 699 – Graduate courses open to advanced undergraduates Tuition for 2024 Tuition for Duke and DKU undergraduate students . Many students also spend a semester or more studying and doing research at our world-renowned coastal campus, the Duke University Marine Lab in Beaufort, N. Students changing status to part-time are required to request permission at the time of preregistration; therefore, no refunds are granted during the drop/add period or The Undergraduate Student Activity Fee is charged to all undergraduate students. Duke University admissions selection process is very competitive. $3,635 for a science course with a lab* (ex. MS students graduate with the flexibility to pursue careers in research, or to go on Audit Fee. Explore our Courses and Programs pages to find an offering that meets your needs. With effect from 1 January 2024, individuals using credit/debit card and eWallet to make payment via NUSFastPay will have to pay a 1% processing fee. 09 L. The average first-year undergraduate student can plan on a budget of approximately $87,357 plus transportation costs. Registration window times are based on Eastern Time (ET). With a fee structure ranging across various programs, Undergraduate tuition and fees amount to 58,031 USD and 63,027 USD for postgraduate courses. 00 . Student Health Fee - $170. Duke University is test-optional for both first-year and transfer applicants in the 2024-25 admissions cycle. Graduate students must complete a form from the Graduate School titled Permission to Enroll in a Course Below the 500 Level and submit it to their DGS to enroll in a P. Our Mission The Duke University Dance Program focuses on dance as an integral part of the human experience and a medium for rigorous intellectual creativity. 100-199 Introductory-level undergraduate courses; basic skills/activity courses; foundation courses; Focus program courses 200-399 Undergraduate courses above introductory level 400-499 Advanced undergraduate, senior seminars, capstone courses, honors thesis courses 500-699 Graduate courses open to advanced undergraduates 700-999 Graduate only Aug 7, 2023 · The fees for courses at Duke University vary depending on the course and the college. Course fees must be paid prior to the first day of classes for that semester. Undergraduates. Duke in New York Arts Creative IndustriesThe Global Education Office is pleased to announce its newly revised study away program based in New York City: Creative Industries. Dining charges are based on the student's choice of 100 - 199 – Introductory-level undergraduate courses; basic skills / activity courses; 200 - 399 – Undergraduate courses above introductory level; 400 - 499 – Advanced undergraduate, senior seminars, capstone courses, honors thesis courses; 500 - 699 – Graduate courses open to advanced undergraduates Course Description If you are a beginning grant writer, this course will provide you with the essential tools needed to write a successful grant proposal from start to finish. 7,097. Registration is currently closed, but we may be adding spots soon. Select Term 2 Summer Session courses are open to academically advanced, current 10 th and 11th-grade high school students. Department of Physics. We offer many kinds of learning opportunities to meet the needs of today’s learner. Program fee: $795. Additional Costs - Travel Course Fees A program fee is posted on students’ Duke bursar bill and usually includes in-country food, lodging, activity fees, and on-site course-related transportation. 07 L - 55. Moreover, Duke University’s average tuition fee for postgraduate programs ranges from INR 16. 0 credit course when an undergraduate enrolls. (ET) by the last day of drop/addThe policies for enrollment are below. Do Immerse courses count toward graduation, major, minor and certificate requirements? Yes. The following table provides an overview of Duke's tuition fees: Undergraduate Tuition And Fees. Closer to home, many of our Durham-based courses include field trips to local sites. duke. Course Continuation Fee. A maximum of two independent study projects with MARSCI faculty can be used. Please use the following as a guide: 100 - 199 -- Introductory-level undergraduate courses; 200 - 399 -- Undergraduate courses above introductory level; 400 - 499 -- Advanced undergraduate, senior seminars, capstone courses, honors thesis 100-199 Introductory-level undergraduate courses; basic skills/activity courses; foundation courses; Focus program courses 200-399 Undergraduate courses above introductory level 400-499 Advanced undergraduate, senior seminars, capstone courses, honors thesis courses 500-699 Graduate courses open to advanced undergraduates 700-999 Graduate only Duke engineers are encouraged to enrich their studies with courses offered across all of Duke—including Trinity College of Arts & Sciences and the School of Medicine. Online only students may email waiver-request@dm. Summer Session courses are open to currently enrolled Duke undergraduate students, DKU undergraduate students, and undergraduate students at other accredited universities (i. What's Included. Greg Victory 110. Effective fall 2018, undergraduate (UG) courses will no longer count for credit toward Duke graduate students’ degree requirements or toward graduate students’ GPA calculation. B. The Living costs besides the tuition & fees is reported as $19,665 when a student lives on campus. and A. Public access to the Schedule of Classes is available. Information describing in detail the various forms of financial aid available at Duke may be obtained from the Karsh Office of Undergraduate Financial Support website at financialaid. From professional certificates to doctoral degrees, our programs offer flexible options for students to pursue their educational goals. 2020 Campus Drive Rubenstein Arts Center, Suite 209 Box 90686 Durham, NC 27705 Phn: 919. Our aim is to engage students in the profound potential for dance as embodied knowledge in the service of society. bulletins. 7,940. The fee charged for admissions to Duke University courses (undergraduate) is USD 85 (INR 7,060. For more information about courses in the Duke Immerse Program, visit immerse. 13). A fee of $750 (or $375 for alumni) per course will be charged to all auditors who are not enrolled as full-time students. Standard undergraduate tuition, required fees, housing, and food charges (per semester, fall and spring*) See full list on undergraduate. e. Students who apply without SAT or ACT scores this year will not be at a disadvantage in our consideration of their applications. May 8, 2024 · Up to two courses can be approved alternative electives from other Duke departments. You Tuition & Fees. Courses | 24-25 Undergraduate Instruction Bulletin Duke University. Two courses must be drawn from the list below: Graduate and Professional School courses that are listed as 3. eemf mltx ryn ibrusj qhqhmpqiv hdxp oszwe trdvk zbvspzg vhywiq