Gang tattoos meaning

Gang tattoos meaning. E. Sign in with one of these accounts. Dec 9, 2019 · Gangs and other criminal groups involved in illicit trafficking often brand or tattoo their victims with distinguishable text or symbols to demonstrate ownership of their “property. One of the ways the gang marks its members is through tattoos. Sep 5, 2023 · Chicago gang signs and symbols refer to hand gestures, graffiti tags, tattoos, clothing choices, colors and other visual markers used by street gangs in the city of Chicago. While we‘ve covered many ominous numerical tattoos, some ink has more uplifting meaning. Many designs also have images of guns, naked women, or three dots. These designs represent recklessness, power Aug 20, 2018 · A teardrop tattoo is a small tattoo in the shape of a teardrop near one or both eyes. By the Numbers: Usage Statistics Oct 25, 2023 · MS-13 members proudly display number tattoos like 13 to represent their gang identity. These tattoos act as badges of honor, marking a member’s commitment and loyalty to their fellow brothers or sisters in crime Nov 20, 2023 · The cowboy is the classic outlaw, so this is a great option for people who want the “rebellious” meaning to come through clearer while also wanting a very detailed design. This is a nod to the group’s former record label, Grey Records, and the number 59 represents the street they grew up on. Usually used by the Latin Kings gang, the pointed crown tattoos represent Latin King philosophy to symbolise the meanings of the five points- love, respect, sacrifice, honour and obedience. As members were released, the tattoos jumped from prisons to street extremist groups. It represents the 14th letter of the alphabet, which is “N,” for Nuestra Familia. The symbolism associated with gang colors can be understood in several ways: Identity and Loyalty: Gang colors act as a uniform, a symbol of belonging, and a means of expressing loyalty to a particular gang. Oct 12, 2023 · The black widow spider tattoo is generally a sign of strong women. They serve as visual indicators of loyalty and solidarity among members within the inner Sep 12, 2023 · Understanding Gang Tattoo Signs: Unveiling the Hidden Meanings. Groundglass’ latest production, ‘Numbers’, provides a visually striking and previously unseen insight into the unique and violent gang culture of South Africa’s prisons. Aug 10, 2023 · You've likely seen plenty of tattoos that indicate a person's allegiance to a group or gang. Feb 4, 2010 · Gulf Coast High Impact Drug Trafficking Area. Various interpretations of its meaning exist, but it is mostly known to translate to "mi vida loca" or "my crazy life". Jun 24, 2023 · A 187 tattoo represents a bold, unrepentant embrace of violence, murder, and vengeance. Daniel Hernandez (born May 8, 1996), known professionally as 6ix9ine (pronounced “six nine”), Tekashi69, or Tekashi 6ix9ine, is an American rapper, singer, songwriter, and Internet personality. September 23, 2009. If you want an orange bunny, get it! Get one of these for no reason and you will be made to regret it. Spider web tattoos carry a range of meanings, both positive and negative. This tattoo symbolizes the interconnectedness and unity of the three Mar 19, 2021 · Skull Tattoo Meaning on Finger; Much like the skull tattoo on a hand, the finger is a prevalent spot for a skull tattoo and you know that everyone will notice it. Scroll Mar 2, 2010 · Tattoos and graffiti depicting "13," "Xlll," "X3," "trece" (Spanish for 13) and "3ce," are all Sureño identifiers. Dec 2, 2022 · 2. Success. Likewise, if you feel like you want to make it clear that your spirituality is one of your most important qualities Sep 12, 2023 · GD Gang Sign Tattoo: Unveiling the Symbolism and Controversy. The 999 tattoo is a great example. Tattoos serve a range of purposes in criminal gangs, and every gang has a more or less secret set of meanings associated with specific designs. These tattoos can be intricate and complex and often hold significant meaning to the gang member. Some of the most common swallow symbolism includes: A return after a long departure. In a general sense, one can say that it symbolizes the downsides of being in prison. Short answer gd gang sign tattoo: The GD gang, also known as Gangster Disciples, is an outlaw street organization. Remember, it is your tattoo design, and you can choose any color that you wish. A captain in Brazil’s military police force says he has decoded the meaning behind some common tattoos seen in the country’s prisons, an example of the kind of coded meanings that certain tattoo designs have developed among Latin American gangs. A teardrop tattoo on the face means that the person has committed murder. Personal Beliefs. Let’s find out some recognized gang sign tattoos! The three-dot triangle tattoo is a popular design that holds various meanings and interpretations. Historically, members of these communities would get the tattoo Apr 24, 2023 · What Brazil Prison Gang Tattoos Mean. The Pre-Edo period tells a story about it being used to identify criminals. For example, a tag with the symbols of multiple subsets demonstrates unity. KBI May 12, 2023 · Teardrop tattoos are not limited to the area beneath the eye. The Father is typically represented by the first dot, the Son by the second dot, and the Holy Spirit by the third dot. However, the addition of the king’s crown transforms the spade from a symbol of Jan 9, 2023 · 13. The 777 tattoo meaning is often a positive spiritual or religious message. Others may get such a tattoo to represent sorrow or loss. Nov 5, 2023 · However, over the decades as gang culture evolved and spread, the 13 tattoo began to lose its exclusive gang connotations. At one point in time The Mexican mafia is perhaps one of the most pervasive gangs in the entire Mexican prison system. Apr 25, 2019 · It’s important to know your gang’s signs and symbols – especially with subsets and cliques of the same gang. They are often used as a way to signify membership in a gang or group within the prison system. Skull tattoo Meaning on Neck Apr 4, 2012 · The Playboy bunny tattoo is most often done in black, white, and pink. Aug 24, 2013 · A tattoo of drama masks, often referred to as a "laugh now, cry later" tattoo. Tattoos and Their Meanings - Public Intelligence The primary meaning behind angel wing tattoos is protection. What does the Swallow Tattoo Mean? The swallow tattoo can have a variety of meanings. Minimal Kitty Biker Tattoos And The Meaning And Symbolism. The tattoo most widely associated with the EME is the Black Hand. Oct 16, 2023 · For example, someone might get the three dots tattoo to represent “motivation” because that is one of the more well-known meanings for the number three. To Russian prisoners, as well as many other incarcerated people around the world, a snake coiled around the neck or collar bones symbolizes a battle with jones. More dominant prisoners are also said to tattoo “lower Mar 20, 2014 · This is a very common tattoo seen on gang members in prison. These are all common symbols in gambling-themed tattoo designs. Although the traditional dice is white with black dots, dice can come in a variety of different colors. It can be symbolized and incorporated into tattoo designs as well. It acts as a visual reminder of the person being held captive within their environment and looking for the inspiration and freedom to break free of their prison. The female black widow is known to eat the male black widow after mating. For many gang members who have served prison time and are committed to a life of crime, tattoos are a primary way to show allegiance. Feb 26, 2020 · Screenshot: Sega ( Automaton) The protagonist of the Yakuza series, Kazuma Kiryu sports a dragon tattoo on his back. It is a way of establishing their reputation and ranking in the prison hierarchy. Many members also have the letters ‘ALKN’ (Almighty Latin Kings Nation) tattooed nearby to show their alliance with Sep 23, 2013 · The design could include dice, triple sevens, an eight ball, dice, poker chips, cards, money, coins, gold, silver, or cherries. Try and add a crown framed shape to surround some of the symbols that the Bloods have. Yet, it is much more than just a symbol. The lips are a very telling art of the body as cracks in the corner can symbolize cancer in your life. ”. What once may have been a simple mark now holds a complex meaning, known only to those within the gang. Despite its glorification in media, a 187 tattoo indicates a dangerous mindset that has inspired fear and fascination. ” TAG analysis of the submitted tattoos, a traditional Chinese character and binary text (figure 1b), validated their concerns. Sep 12, 2023 · Learn how gang tattoos are symbols, images or numbers that represent membership in a particular gang. This is symbolic of a woman not needing a man in their life and they are strong without the presence of a man Nov 2, 2023 · The lips tattoo doesn’t only represent sensuality and sexuality, it can also symbolize physical and neurological disorders. Their signature G59 symbol is a combination of the letters “G” and “59,” which stands for “Grey 59. Unlike the 1% symbol the '13' has several interpretations as the metonym for the letter 'M Oct 6, 2015 · In prison, tattoos often have specific codified meanings. The three-dot tattoo, commonly known as “Mi Vida Loca,” has its origins in Hispanic culture and is deeply connected to gang life, particularly in prison. Mar 3, 2024 · Pro Tips: 1. Happy Clown: Happiness, Laughter, Joy, Playfulness, Prankster. Leg tattoos are also very common amongst the Bloods. Sureños and Norteños sometimes use the ancient Aztec language. Commissioned by Sailor Jerry’s Feb 25, 2024 · On the other hand, a 3-dot tattoo can signify that you are part of a gang or a criminal in prison – the 3 dots can mean “my crazy life” to some South American gangs. It is closely associated with gang and prison culture, where it often indicates one has served time, one has been humiliated, or one has killed. The gang employs various symbols that hold significant meaning for its members. The cross itself represents religious devotion and spirituality, and when placed under the eye, it adds an element of intensity and commitment to that message. Finding Hope in Hardship: The 999 Tattoo. This symbolizes “Folks” affiliation and represents the GDN . "Laugh now, cry later" tattoos portray two faces or two masks that have expressions that represent opposing or different emotions. In some cultures, spider webs are considered symbols of good luck and fortune, representing a positive aspect. These tattoos are symbols of gang affiliation, status, identity, and history. Nov 3, 2023 · The tattoo could be concealing a secret slur only understood by fellow gang members and inmates. Jan 9, 2022 · The Yakuza’s Irezumi [刺青 tattoo] became an integral part of Japanese culture. Check out the hidden meanings behind these 11 prison tattoos. Those who want to be seen as someone who deserves to be treated with dignity might find the crown to be the perfect tattoo symbol for them. A common symbol most frequently used on patches on a gang member's jacket or vest and in tattoos. Aztec Prison Tattoo. The ace of spades may also be portrayed with symbols of good luck as well, such as the four-leaf clover, horseshoes, or swallows. It’s also a direct reference to the American Motorcycle Association which deemed them as outlaws. Five-point crown. The tattoo is May 13, 2024 · MS-13 is one of the most notorious gangs in the world, with a reputation for extreme violence and criminal activity. It represents danger, death, and Aug 21, 2023 · The crown tattoo can also represent dignity, divinity and grace as well as a great honor. It represents the idea of “my crazy life” and signifies the struggles faced by underprivileged and minority communities. 13 is associated with sailors, gangs , and old school ink concepts. It is associated with a person’s criminal record, the types of crimes they were convicted of, or rape behind bars. Oct 12, 2023 · What does spider tattoo mean? We have spider tattoo ideas, designs, symbolism and we explain the meaning behind the tattoo. These permanent markings often include intricate designs, numbers, initials, or specific symbols associated with the gang’s culture and hierarchy. For many people who choose to get a cross tattoo under Symbolism and Meanings. Dec 26, 2014 · We spoke to the publisher of a book about Soviet prison ink about what tattoos would mark you as a thief, a homosexual, or a high-ranking criminal. This tattoo may have a triangle pattern on the serpent’s body with interchanging grey and black triangles. Sureño gangs; for this reason, EME members may wear traditional Sureño tattoos, specifically, the words SUR and Sureño, and variations of the number 13. The Norteños also tend to tattoo their symbols and words like other Hispanic gang members. However, these tattoos also have deeper meanings that go beyond just affiliation. These tattoos are a bit like encrypted code, only the same gang member can decrypt and catch the meaning. This negative view was reinforced by the Church. Tattoos of the following White gangs are described as well: The Aryan Brotherhood and the Nazi Low Riders. The skull and crossbones, also known as the Jolly Roger, is the most recognizable symbol of piracy. Others combine the various meanings and think of it as a symbol for constant spiritual progression. In some cases, it can also mean the loss of a fellow prisoner, a close friend, or a family member. Sep 29, 2023 · What does mob tattoo mean? We have mob tattoo ideas, designs, symbolism and we explain the meaning behind the tattoo. He has completely dominated headlines for his distinctive rainbow-themed look, tattoos, aggressive style of rapping, public feuds with fellow May 2, 2024 · An abdominal tattoo of prison bars represents hardship, inner imprisonment, and the burden of past events. Yakuza culture tells a story of lavish narratives hand-inked and illustrated over the body to cover up prison tattoo marks indicating criminals. based out of Chicago. Mar 18, 2024 · The gang has a few different tattoos on display – the most common of which is the death’s head. Some individuals opt to have them near the mouth or on other parts of the face, intensifying their impact and meaning. The “x” stands for something wrong; it can also signify a barrier in your path or something that is not up to the mark. The means of applying tattoos in prison are crude due to restrictions on tools that could be used for attacking guards or Gang or Prison Affiliation. Combination tattoos combine all the aforementioned categories. X Tattoo Meaning. This article will examine MS-13 tattoos in further detail, including their significance and gang use. Angel wings, therefore, represent the idea of being protected and watched over by a higher power. Although these are the primary colors that are used in such tattoos, you can also find them in purple, blue, red, and gray. Sep 11, 2023 · Gang signs tattoos are symbolic images or words that represent affiliation with a particular street gang. Many people view angels as celestial beings sent to guard and guide humans through life’s challenges and tribulations. Dry lips tattoo might mean a stomach 1. Love and affection for family and friends. If you're curious about their secret meanings, this list is for you. These elements serve as a means of identification, communication within the group or with rival gangs. “14” might be tattooed in Roman numerical form. The Minimal Kitty Ride Biker tattoo features a simple black outline design. The real meaning behind the tattoo is debatable. Facial tattoos have been around for centuries and their meanings have changed over time and across cultures. Members often wear these colors consistently, whether through clothing, accessories, or even graffiti, to reinforce their affiliation. or M. **Five-Pointed Crown**: One prominent symbol used by some subsets of Bloods is the five-pointed crown representation traced back to Latin Kings (a rival faction). Like the gang members of the past, the tear drop tattoo is used to denote the number of killings a prisoner has committed while incarcerated. Yakuza tattoos hold deep meanings and serve as powerful visual representations of the wearer’s affiliation with the Yakuza, a notorious Japanese organized crime syndicate. The Irish mob is known for their intricate and symbolic tattoos, with common themes including shamrocks, Celtic knots, and Irish flags. HSIN. Triumph Over Adversity. When you get an “x” tattoo, it often indicates a negative feeling. The number 13 was drawn by depicting two parallel horizontal lines with three dots above them. The tattoo symbolizes freedom, rebellion, and a love for the open road. Apr 30, 2024 · Learn more about prison tattoos, their meanings and gangs. The skull is one of the most popular images to get on the finger. Although it may be true, the design can also represent Nov 3, 2023 · The tattoo could be concealing a secret slur only understood by fellow gang members and inmates. The “x” represents something that is bold and inflaming. Rebirth. Jun 8, 2022 · A pointed crown with five points. These tattoos are also different from one gang group to another. 2. S. The three dots in a row tattoo can be seen as a visual representation of this concept, with each dot representing one of the three persons of the Trinity. The meaning of teardrop tattoos can vary depending on the geography, but they all have the same premise: it symbolizes murder. As an aspect of gang-related intelligence, the visual documentation and sharing of the meaning of gang tattoos can help to identify gang members and monitor their Bloods Gang Leg Tattoo. The 3 dot triangle is most common prison tattoo associated with Mexican gang members who have served lengthy prison sentences. The reason you will see women with this tattoo is because it is a sign of female empowerment. The spade itself is a suit in a deck of cards, representing death, war, and misfortune. When seen with symbols such as flames or occult symbols, the 777 tattoo meaning could be pointing to hell or other negative forces. Gang culture is a pervasive and complex phenomenon that has long been associated with crime, violence, and underground activities. Popular Pirate Tattoo Designs. Tattoos Gang Members use tattoos as a gang sign to show their gang membership. Cowboy tattoos can be limited to just a hat and can be expanded to be a full-bodied bandit that can cover an entire back. The death’s head represents the gang. It depicts a playful and adventurous spirit through the image of a minor, cute kitten riding a motorcycle. Key gangs like the Aryan Brotherhood adopted these numeric tattoos en masse for their coded meanings. 12. 12 pages. Like most gangs, they live a life of crime. When recreating the tattoo, think outside the box. But there can be some negative spiritual associations to it. Please note that we cannot provide explicit images of these sign due to their potentially harmful nature. This design is sometimes associated with gangs and referred to as a gang tattoo. Another tattoo, the 1%, signifies that the gang is a rebellious one – which goes without saying, but okay. Dec 23, 2023 · Learn about the meanings of common gang tattoos, such as teardrops, spider webs, crowns, and numbers. 999 represents enduring hardship and finding hope through faith. You've probabl Dec 27, 2021 · Many cultures saw the scorpion as a symbol of protection, which made it an ideal symbol for ancient warriors and hunters who desired protection from enemies and wild animals alike. A 3 dot triangle tattoo first became famous as its association with gang and prison life. Here are some of the most popular pirate tattoo designs: Skull and Crossbones. But 13 was considered an unlucky number long before it symbolized gang life: In Christianity, 13 guests attended the Last Supper, with Judas as the 13th member who betrayed Jesus. Unlike most gangs, they inspired the unique Yakuza tattoo style that persists today for members and nonmembers alike. These tattoos can represent a range of emotions, including anguish, deep sorrow, or a willingness to take risks for the gang’s cause. Other EME tattoos include the letters MM for Mexican Mafia; EME, the Spanish word for M; and Emero. A tattoo of a church with candles often indicates May 12, 2020 · Not to be confused with the three-dots tattoo, the five-dots tattoo is worn between the thumb and forefinger and is also called the “quincunx. Gwan Soon Lee Tattoo. Aug 25, 2016 · “A gang tattoo associated with Chicano (Mexican- American) gang members, a pachuco cross is usually worn between the thumb and the fore finger of the left hand” says Aitken Smith. Snake eyes actually represent loss and uncertainty. A cross tattoo under the eye is a bold and striking choice for body art, and it carries a significant meaning. This phrase translates to “My Crazy Life” and signifies the struggles faced by underprivileged and minority communities. This can nowadays sometimes be seen in a scorpion gang tattoo. 4. In turn, it became a defining right of Apr 10, 2012 · This is a term that references when both dice are showing only one dot. Oct 25, 2018 · Illustrated by Mau Lencinas. Apr 5, 2024 · Over time, gang tattoos have evolved, adapting to the changing dynamics of gangs and correctional facilities. Prison Tattoo Meaning: Exploring the Rich Meanings Infused into Body Ink. TEAR DROP. The Black Hand is a Sep 23, 2021 · The three spirals signify different things to different people, including: - The Father, Son, and Holy Spirit - Past, Present, Future - Spirit, Mind, Body - Life, Death, Rebirth. Teardrops. The media could not be loaded, either because the server Dec 24, 2023 · Various tattoos within the Russian Mafia carry specific messages and meanings. It tends to be a remembrance for the death of loved ones or the mark of a brush with death. You can learn about these signs and symbols from: Graffiti; Social media; Cell searches of jails; Probation/parole searches of gang member (juvenile gang Jan 29, 2024 · Getting a party dot tattoo may seem like a good idea, but many people go into it blindly. Discover the origins, designs and meanings of these markings and how they reflect loyalty and territory boundaries. One of the most common interpretations of this tattoo is that it represents family, specifically the tight bond between family members. While still associated with criminal groups, it also started to take on a range of symbolic meanings, especially when worn by non-gang members. Here are a few notable examples: A diamond tattoo symbolizes being “in the zone” and prepared to take on any challenges. M. Natalya Nosova. Prison tattoos are a unique form of body art that have been around for centuries. Nov 2, 2023 · Both symbols permeated white supremacist prison gangs in the 80s and 90s, displaying affiliation with the racist movement. Nov 15, 2017 · The symbols and meanings behind gang-related tattoos. The symbolism within these tattoos often reflects a complex array of emotions, power, change, and interconnected life experiences. The scorpion is able to survive even after being stung, which made it a symbol of overcoming hardships Mar 20, 2024 · 4. Perhaps the most well Apr 30, 2021 · Snake Tattoo Meaning in Gangs or Prison. The Yakuza gangs most likely originated Sep 24, 2021 · The exact meaning behind the prison teardrop tattoo, however, is highly controversial. ‘Onion’ domes. This is the symbol of the Latin Kings gang, which is one of the biggest Hispanic gangs in the U. The 14 (X4 / XIV) tattoo: This tattoo is often placed on the neck, arm, or chest. Sep 4, 2023 · The Bloods is a notorious street gang known for its distinctive hand signs and symbols. For those involved in gangs, the three dots symbolize mi vida loca, or “my crazy life. The word "kanpol" is Nahuatl for Southerner, and "ixpol" is Northerner. However, if you do want to use the Sep 4, 2023 · Symbols play a crucial role in defining any tattoo design’s meaning; likewise, blood gang-related imagery carries great importance among those associated with these groups: 1. 1. Gangsta Clown: Life on the Streets, Criminal, Money, Structure. Captain Alden dos Santos of Brazil’s military police Sep 17, 2023 · Symbols are crucial to any organization’s visual identity, and MS-13 is no exception. Information is also provided on the tattoos of the following Hispanic gangs: The Mexican Mafia and The Nuestra Familia. Teardrops tattooed at the corner of the eye are generally associated with gang life, in which drops can represent a variety of things: a person you’ve Honoring Ancestral Heritage. They often get a tattoo of the star with 5 sides, which symbolizes the 5 points of knowledge within the United Bloods Nation. That being said, below are some meanings commonly associated with each type of clown tattoo. Their main tattoo depicts an eagle holding the snake in its mouth, usually perched high on top of the letters gang letters E. One way in which gang members assert their loyalty to their group is through tattoos bearing powerful symbolism known only to those within the inner Mar 26, 2021 · The Infamous Yakuza Tattoo. These gestures, which vary in meaning depending on the context, can be accompanied by specific colors such as red or graffiti representing “Blood” affiliation. Origin and History of 3 Dots Tattoo. The Yakuza are a collection of feared Japanese mafia groups with a history dating back to at least the 19th century. Some general techniques used by gang members to disguise the meanings of their tattoos are also briefly described. Other tattoos are very specific about the wearer's rank, affiliations, criminal accomplishments or punishments. But what do gang tattoos mean? Whether they're full of color or rendered in stark black ink, those pictures hide symbolism in their lines. Symbolism and Meanings. ### 1. Aug 24, 2016 · South Africa’s most notorious gang member reveals the meaning behind prison tattoos in hypnotic short documentary from Groundglass. In some societies, facial tattoos were seen as a sign of wealth, status, or beauty, while in others they were used to indicate social class, occupation, or religious affiliation. This is one of the most widespread tattoo designs that is easily recognizable in the Russian Aug 2, 2012 · Remember, though, that in the end, your tattoo symbolizes what you want it to. These tattoos are intricate and often cover large areas of the body, such as the back, chest, arms, and legs. Yet another popular outlaw symbol is the skull. The three-dot tattoo, also known as “Mi Vida Loca,” first originated in Hispanic culture and is deeply connected to gang life, particularly in prison. A GD gang sign tattoo typically consists of a pitchfork with six prongs pointing up and three down. A cat tattoo signifies a thief, often denoting a person’s stealthy nature and agility. The three dots in the tattoo can represent different family members depending on the interpretation. Pirate tattoos come in various styles and designs, from realistic portraits to cartoonish caricatures. The meaning originated in California gang culture but is now recognized more widely as a symbol of criminal life. The G59 tattoo has become a symbol of rebellion, nonconformity, and a deep connection to the music and Easily one of the most popular prison tattoos in popular culture, the teardrop tattoo actually has a less innocent meaning behind it. The tattoo is meant to symbolize the world or a group of friends, and it means something close to "me against the Sep 4, 2023 · Norteños Tattoos. However, one lesser-known symbol used in their tattoos is the “Black Hand,” which represents loyalty, secrecy, and a willingness to protect their own. Law Enforcement Sensitive. In such tattoos, the gang symbol may be part of a larger tattoo design that may differ among individual gang members. This tattoo is meant to symbolize May 28, 2020 · While the number 13 is associated with bad luck, it is the opposite for tattoo lovers. This is yet another reason why you shouldn’t assume that a three-dot tattoo automatically means that the owner of the tattoo is or ever was in a gang. Feb 24, 2016 · You won’t find any butterflies, tribal armbands, or wrongly interpreted Chinese characters here. Tattoo Culture Tattoos feature prominently within the culture of MS-13 as a means of showcasing loyalty and commitment to the gang’s values. Some may be general indicators of the criminal life. This design is a nobori-ryu (“ascending dragon”) motif, which is prevalent The king of spade tattoo is a popular tattoo design featuring the image of a crowned spade, often accompanied by other symbols such as skulls, dice, or playing cards. Loyalty. A deep crack on the bottom lip of this tattoo symbolizes deep sadness or grief. ” This one has several meanings, but is especially popular among Asian gang members. kq aj ro ux dc js ot ut xk qp